Inter Alia (in-tur-aye-lee-ah) is the Latin term often used in a formal context such as medical and legal literature to mean “among other things.” This term is often used to express the…

The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is the hinge-like structure that connects the jaw to the skull. It is unique in being a bilateral joint made of multiple structures that move together. Health conditions…

Epithelia are layers of single or multiple cells that cover the exterior surface of our bodies. These cells, known collectively as Epithelium, line the interior surfaces, comprise the secretory portions of glands and…

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a compound made of fats and sugars that are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria are often pathogenic and negatively influence human health. LPS is…

Methyl groups are methane-derived alkyl molecules made of a single carbon atom bound to three hydrogen atoms. Methyl groups are commonly oxidized and de-methylated across a wide range of biological reactions in…

A Mitogen is a small molecule made of amino acids that signal a cell to divide and duplicate. This process, called mitosis, is fundamental to all types of life. When signaled by…

Allopathic medicine was first used by the Samuel Hahnemann to describe medicine other than homeopathy. Hahnemann used this term with malice to describe the ignorance of the disharmony a disease causes in…

Hormesis is a bi-phasic distribution that describes the potential benefit of certain stimuli in low-doses that may elicit a negative effect at larger doses. For example, low-doses of light radiation may signal…

Fibroblasts are specialized cells that help produce extracellular matrix, synthesize collagen, and play a pivotal role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are among the most common cells in mammalian connective skin tissue. Fibroblasts…

Different types of energy can be characterized by the frequency in which it occurs—its wavelength. The Electromagnetic Spectrum is a classification system used by scientists to classify and study different frequencies of…